Review Article
Free Access
The basis of anisotropic water diffusion in the nervous system – a technical review
Christian Beaulieu,
Corresponding Author
Christian Beaulieu
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1098 Research Transition Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2V2Search for more papers by this authorChristian Beaulieu,
Corresponding Author
Christian Beaulieu
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1098 Research Transition Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2V2Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Anisotropic water diffusion in neural fibres such as nerve, white matter in spinal cord, or white matter in brain forms the basis for the utilization of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to track fibre pathways. The fact that water diffusion is sensitive to the underlying tissue microstructure provides a unique method of assessing the orientation and integrity of these neural fibres, which may be useful in assessing a number of neurological disorders. The purpose of this review is to characterize the relationship of nuclear magnetic resonance measurements of water diffusion and its anisotropy (i.e. directional dependence) with the underlying microstructure of neural fibres. The emphasis of the review will be on model neurological systems both in vitro and in vivo. A systematic discussion of the possible sources of anisotropy and their evaluation will be presented followed by an overview of various studies of restricted diffusion and compartmentation as they relate to anisotropy. Pertinent pathological models, developmental studies and theoretical analyses provide further insight into the basis of anisotropic diffusion and its potential utility in the nervous system. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Abbreviations used:
-
- ADC
-
apparent diffusion coefficient
-
- b
-
gradient factor
-
- D
-
diffusion coefficient
-
- DTI
-
diffusion-tensor imaging
-
- DWI
-
diffusion-weighted imaging
-
- EAE
-
experimental allergic encephalomyelitis
-
- G
-
strength of diffusion gradients
-
- PGSE
-
pulsed-gradient spin-echo
-
- RMS
-
root mean square displacement
-
- SNR
-
signal-to-noise ratio
-
- T2
-
transverse relaxation time
-
- tdif
-
diffusion time
-
- TE
-
spin-echo time
-
- ∥
-
parallel to the fibre's long axis
-
- ⟂
-
perpendicular to the fibre's long axis
-
- δ
-
length of diffusion gradient
-
- Δ
-
onset separation of diffusion gradients
-
- λ
-
principal eigenvalues
Citing Literature
Special Issue: Diffusion tensor imaging and axonal mapping ‐ state of the art
November ‐ December 2002
Pages 435-455
